Global, regional, and national epidemiology of childhood and adolescent brain and central nervous system cancers (1990-2021).
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BACKGROUND: Brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers are the second most common malignancies in children and adolescents, contributing significantly to global disease burden. Understanding their epidemiology is crucial for effective prevention and intervention. METHODS: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, we analyzed incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to childhood and adolescent brain and CNS cancers from 1990 to 2021. Stratified analyses by age, sex, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) regions were conducted to assess temporal trends and disparities. RESULTS: While overall incidence declined, particularly in children under 4 years, it remained stable in older groups. Death rates decreased notably in infants under 1 year, but children aged 5-9 accounted for the highest death proportions. Males aged 5-19 experienced higher deaths and DALYs than females. DALY rates declined most significantly in children aged 1-2. High and high-middle SDI regions had the highest incidence rates, while low and low-middle SDI regions showed rising case numbers. Deaths and DALYs decreased in middle and high-middle SDI areas but increased in low-SDI regions. CONCLUSION: Global burden from brain and CNS cancers in children and adolescents has declined overall, but marked disparities persist across regions and sexes. Targeted efforts are urgently needed in low-SDI regions to improve diagnosis, treatment, and care to further reduce death and disability.