Determination and risk assessment of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in fish (Cynoglossus senegalensis), water and sediment in Araromi Beach.
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The presence of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in seawater and sediments raises concerns about aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study assessed TPH levels in water, fish (Cynoglossus senegalensis), and sediment from Araromi Beach, Nigeria. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 23 TPH congeners across all samples. TPH concentrations were highest in water (16.95 mg L-1), followed by fish (2.02 mg kg-1) and sediment (4.22 mg kg-1), suggesting recent contamination or continuous hydrocarbon input. Estimated risk values exceeded cancer and non-cancer benchmark thresholds, with Hazard Index (HI) values surpassing 1.0 for some TPH compounds, indicating potential health risks. Children's non-carcinogenic risk showed HI values from 1.10 × 10-2 to 7.47 × 10-2 (water) and 6.30 × 10-5 to 9.16 × 10-5 (sediment). Despite this, ecological risks were minimal, as bioaccumulation factors (BAF) remained below 1.0, except for undecane (1.13) in fish-water comparisons. While human exposure risks exist, particularly for children, overall ecological danger from TPH exposure at Araromi Beach appears low.