Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: A Review.
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CONTEXT.—: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare multisystem disorder belonging to the family of neoplasms exhibiting perivascular epithelioid differentiation. It primarily affects women of childbearing age. The disease is characterized by a proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells (lymphangioleiomyomatosis cells) within all lung compartments, leading to cystic parenchymal destruction and, in some cases, respiratory failure. These cells carry mutations in one or both tuberous sclerosis (TSC) genes and coexpress smooth muscle and melanocytic markers. Female hormones, particularly estrogens, influence the course of the disease. Symptoms of lymphangioleiomyomatosis vary significantly among patients, ranging from exertional dyspnea and coughing to chest pain and recurrent pneumothorax. OBJECTIVE.—: To present the latest advancements in the understanding of disease pathogenesis and diagnosis, illustrate the pathologic and radiologic findings, provide a reference for pathologists and other health care professionals, briefly discuss recent evidence-based therapeutic approaches, and emphasize the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and optimization of patient care. DATA SOURCES.—: A comprehensive review of pertinent medical literature published in the last 30 years, focusing on publications written in the English language, was performed. CONCLUSIONS.—: Despite the recent significant advancements in the understanding and management of lymphangioleiomyomatosis, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of its pathophysiology and the role of the immune system in the genesis and progression of the disease. The current changes in diagnostic algorithms favor the adoption of minimally invasive procedures as the standard of care. As a result, the clinical laboratory will play a larger role in the diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and surgical pathologists will likely be less involved in the diagnosis of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis than they currently are.